Classification Test for Organic Halides - 1552 Words

CLASSIFICATION TESTS FOR ORGANIC HALIDES James Anand L. Regala, Sabrina Nicolle G. Sarte, Ann Michelle Siao, Michael Sibulo, Victoria Tan Group 8 2C Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT This experiment is done to classify organic halides. Most organic halides are synthetic and are not flammable. One way to classify organic halides is by classifying its ï  ¡-carbon atom as primary, secondary or tertiary. If the ï  ¡-carbon is attached to one R group, it is then primary. If the ï  ¡-carbon is attached to R groups, it is then secondary, and if attached to 3 R groups, it is then said to be tertiary. But this is only applicable if the ï  ¡-carbon is tetragonal or sp3 hybridized. Another way of classifying organic halides is by†¦show more content†¦The reactions that occur are SN2 substitutions in which iodide ion is the nucleophile; the order of reactivity is primary gt; secondary gt; tertiary. acetone RCl + NaI ------------gt; RI + NaCl acetone RBr + NaI ------------gt; RI + NaBr With the reagent, primary bromides give a precipitate of sodium bromide in about 3 min at room temperature, whereas the primary and secondary chlorides must be heated to about 500C before reaction occurs. Secondary and tertiary bromides react at 50EC, but the tertiary chlorides fail to react in a reasonable time. It should be noted that this test is necessarily limited to bromides and chlorides. [3] Methodology A. Sample tested The following are the sample tested for the classification tests for Organic Halides: a. n-butyl chloride Cl b. sec-butyl chloride Cl c. tert-butyl chloride Cl d. Chlorobenzene Cl B. Procedure A. Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Test First, a small loop was made at the end of a copper wire. The looped end was then heated directly at the oxidizing zone of a non-luminous flame. The loop was cooled and dipped into the test compound thoroughly. The loop with the test compound was then heated in a non-luminous flame. Repeat procedure with other test compounds. B. SN1: Reaction with Alcoholic AgNO3 Five drops of a test compound is added to 20 drops of 2% ethanolic AgNO3. The compound was shook and timeShow MoreRelatedClassification Tests for Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives1580 Words   |  7 PagesClassification Tests for Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives Mary Catherine Sarte, John Emmanuel Sy, Allurie Umel,Franklin Yap, Mary Christine YouIntroduction Carboxylic acids derivatives are simply groupsof compounds that contain a carbonyl group butwith an electronegative atom attached to thecarbon. The difference in the structure leads to amajor change in reactivity. The reactions of thesegroups of compounds involve nucleophilicsubstitution. Although there are abundant kindsof carboxylic acid derivativesRead MoreClassification Tests for Hydrocarbons1410 Words   |  6 PagesClassification Tests for Hydrocarbons Authors: Goldie Ann Tejada, Allain Joseph S. Templo, Kristinlyn Trajano, Kevin Viray, Quennie Yu Group 10, 2F-PH, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas ABSTRACT The test compounds undergo different physical and chemical tests to differentiate their intrinsic physical properties and chemical properties. Physical state, color, and odor were noted through simple observation. Miscibility of the test compounds were noted through color change or a warmingRead MoreOrganic Chemistry Experiment 10 Formal Report1855 Words   |  8 PagesOrganic Chemistry Laboratory – CH 200L (2012 – 2013) 2B-Ph Group 9 Experiment 10 Identifying Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Through Classification Tests Bianca Therese Rivera, Camille Aliana Rivera, Zarah Mae Roxas, Ma. Rosario Teresa Saylo, Jean Darlene Semilla and Adrian Yu Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Santo Tomas, Espana Street, Manila 1008 Date Submitted: September 13, 2012 ------------------------------------------------- Abstract Carboxylic acid derivativesRead MorePreliminary Test and Solubility Classification of Organic Compounds3813 Words   |  16 PagesPreliminary Test and Solubility Classification of Organic Compound Keene Louise Topacio, Christopher Jay Robidillo Abstract The experiment focuses on how to classify organic compounds by its functional groups. It is done by preliminary test and with the solubility test. Preliminary test used two known compounds also the unknowns. Physical state, color, odor, and ignition test were noted. The known compounds are inorganic and organic compounds. A comparison is made from the observation in the unknownRead MorePreparation of 1-Bromobutane from 1-Butanol by Sn2 Reaction2275 Words   |  10 PagesB1 Title: Preparation of 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by SN2 reaction Objective: 1. To study the preparation of 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by an SN2 reaction 2. To study the method of purification of an organic compound by simple extraction 3. To study the test of identification of alkyl halide Chemicals and Apparatus: ~18.0 g 1-butanol, ~20.0 g sodium bromide, 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, anhydrous magnesium sulfate, ~10 ml of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, ~1 ml of sodium iodide – acetoneRead MoreFormal Report Exp 96351 Words   |  26 PagesUniversity of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO CLASSIFY HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee Group 10 2G-Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl group refers to a functional group containing OH- when it is a substituent in an organic compound. It is also known as the characteristicRead MoreDental Question Bank33485 Words   |  134 Pageseyes, and oedema of the upper lip with redness and dryness. When he went to bed he had the swelling, pain or dental complaints. Examination shows several deep silicate restorations in the anterior teeth but examination is negative for caries, thermal tests, percussion, palpation, pain, and periapical area of rarefaction. The patient’s temperature is normal. The day before he had a series of gastrointestinal xrays at the local hospital and was given a clean bill of health. The condition is A. B. C. D

Essay on Black Death - 988 Words

eatLandon Wood Turner AP World History 1 November 2012 AP World History Book Report Summary: The Black Death, by Philip Ziegler, covers the epidemic that spread throughout Eurasia around 1348. The book mostly focuses on England and how the disease affected this area. The book also covers other portions of Europe such as France, Italy, and Germany but not as in depth. Ziegler uses the research of many historians to piece together what occurred during this time of grief. Ziegler starts off the book explaining the origins and nature of the plague. He explains how the tartar attacked the port city of Genoa by catapulting diseased corpses in the city’s compound. The Genoese decided to flee and went further north, which caused the spread of†¦show more content†¦The Black Death refereed in Philip Ziegler’s book takes place in Western Europe, and we learned the different civilizations during the Classical era in Western Europe such as the Roman Empire and the Greek empire. Moving on the Post Classical era, we learned how different regional authorities were established when invasions from the Magyar, Muslims, and Vikings happened throughout Western Europe; this is how countries like England, Germany, and France were ultimately established. This plague happened during the era after the Post Classical era and killed off more than one third of the population of Europe. Reading this book will allow people to understand the hardships that the population of Europe had to deal with. Identification of Author’s Point of View: In this book, Ziegler takes more of a neutral point of view. He does not attempt to argue or prove anything, but pieces information from all his research and coming up with conclusions. He has nothing to argue because the Black Death is confirmed to have happened and only a few little details are uncertain. Ziegler uses more of a numerical approach in some parts of his book. He pieces together much of his information and uses it to conclude death and mortality rates. He pieces together much of his information and uses it to conclude death and mortality rates. I feel like he would do this because using numbers gives an exact value and becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Black Of Black Death939 Words   |  4 Pageshistory few events seem as cataclysmic as the Black Death. The Black Death was actually one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. This awful pandemics most devastating time in Europe was between 1348 and 1350. According to some estimates it wiped out at least two-thirds of Europe’s population. A Malmesbury monk from Wiltshire wrote that, â€Å"Over England as a whole a fifth og men, women and children were carried to the grave.† (James â€Å"Black Death: The lasting impact†) Many epidemiologists stillRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Death, one of the greatest natural disaster to hit Europe thus causing the death of many people in the most horrific manner and cause the end of feudalism. This was a disaster that affected one third of the European continent and also one that no one was prepared to face. It killed more people than during a war and it impacted simple lives of people, their culture, religion and the economy as a whole. The origin of The Black Death has several explanations. Some people said The Black DeathRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death905 Words   |  4 Pagesgrew were dying. On the wake of these seven distressing years of weather and famine was the greatest plague of all times, The Black Death. In 1347 AD, The Black Death began spreading throughout Western Europe. Over the time span of three years, the widespread epidemic killed one third of the population in Europe with pretty near twenty five million people dead. The Black Death killed many more Europeans than any other endemic or war up to that time, vastly impacting the Church, the people, and the economyRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death was a very important time in history and, while devastating, it led to many advances in medicine due to the mass spread of a new deadly disease. The 14th Century encompassed the time period of January 1, 1301 to December 31, 1400. When this disease struc k, Ole J. Benedictow calculates that it killed about 50 million people in Europe alone, which was about 60% of Europe’s population at the time. That being said, the Black Death, often referred to as the Bubonic Plague, clocked inRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death2017 Words   |  9 PagesThe Black Death The pandemic known to history as the Black Death was one of the world’s worst natural disasters in history. It was a critical time for many as the plague hit Europe and â€Å"devastated the Western world from 1347 to 1351, killing 25%-50% of Europe’s population and causing or accelerating marked political, economic, social, and cultural changes.† The plague made an unforgettable impact on the history of the West. It is believed to have originated somewhere in the steppes of central AsiaRead MoreThe Black Death1386 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocious and it made the perfect place for Yersinia Pestis to thrive. Yersinia Pestis is the virus responsible for the Black Death, a deadly disease that rapidly powered through Europe, killing nearly all of the people in its way. The Black Death had a lot of gruesome and terrifying symptoms that made bystanders sick just watching. Certain people were more likely to acquire the Black Death than others. Since peasants had worse l iving conditions than the nobility, they were far more likely to catch theRead MoreThe Black Death1386 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocious and it made the perfect place for Yersinia Pestis to thrive. Yersinia Pestis is the virus responsible for the Black Death, a deadly disease that rapidly powered through Europe, killing nearly all of the people in its way. The Black Death had a lot of gruesome and terrifying symptoms that made bystanders sick just watching. Certain people were more likely to acquire the Black Death than others. Since peasants had worse living conditions than the nobility, they were far more likely to catch theRead MoreThe Black Death1349 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocious and it made the perfect place for Yersinia Pestis to thrive. Yersinia Pestis is the virus responsible for the Black Death, a deadly disease that rapidly powered through Europe, killing nearly all of the people in its way. The Black Death had a lot of gruesome and scary symptoms that made bystanders sick just watching. Certain people were more likely to acquire the Black Death than others. Since peasants had worse living conditions than the nobility, they were far more likely to catch the PlagueRead MoreThe Black Death831 Words   |  4 PagesTHE BLACK DEATH! What Is The Black Death? The Black Death is a disease that went on for over 5 years. It also spread around a wide range of places! It killled and harmed thousands upon thousands of people and had no mercy. If you were to sadly catch the Black Death, you would DEFINITELY die and there was many cures and causes however none of the causes actually worked also all of causes were thought to be a punishment from God. Once you knew you had the Black DeathRead MoreThe Black Death1203 Words   |  5 PagesWhat were the short term and long term impacts of the Black Death on Medieval society? The Black Death is one of the most fatal diseases in human history and took its peak in Europe from 1348 to 1350. Half of Europe’s population was wiped out due to this disease and the short and long term impacts greatly affected the structure of Medieval Society. The Black Death or otherwise known as the plague was thought to have begun in Central Asia, which spread down the Silk Road and eventually to Europe

United States Court Systems free essay sample

This report is designed to give an overview of both the United States Court system and the Michigan State Court system. It will discuss each system individually and explain each court and general knowledge about that court. It will explore the similarities and differences between the 2 court systems and what the requirements are to determine in which court system cases should be heard. The Federal Courts The Federal Court system is comprised of 3 different tiers, the United States Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals and the United States District Courts. The United States District Courts are the trial courts of the Federal Court system. All cases heard in the Federal Court system begin here. The United State District Court is composed of 94 districts, with at least one in each state, one in the District of Columbia, one in Puerto Rico and in each of our 3 territories of Guam, Virgin Islands and the Northern Mariana Islands as well as separate courts of limited jurisdiction such as United States Bankruptcy Court, United States Court of International Trade, United States Court of Federal Claims, United States Military Court, United States Court of Veterans Appeals, United States Tax Court and federal administrative agencies and boards. The Court of International Trade handles cases involving international trade and customs issues. The United States Court of Federal Claims handles most claims for monetary damages against the United States, disputes over federal contracts, unlawful seizures of private property by the federal government. The United States Court of Appeals is made up of 94 judicial districts which are divided into 12 regional circuits, each of which has a United States Court of Appeals. Each United State Court of Appeals branch has jurisdiction over its districts, as well as appeals from decisions of federal administrative agencies. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has jurisdiction over all appeals in specialized cases, such as those involving patent laws and cases from the Court of International Trade and the Court of Federal Claims. The United States Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices. Any vacancy for these justices is filled by the President of the United States to a life term, meaning until death or retirement. The United Supreme Court hears a limited number of cases per year and only the cases it chooses to hear. Appealing to the United States Supreme Court does not guarantee they will consider the appeal. These cases may begin in either the federal or state courts, and they usually involve questions about the Constitution or federal law. Federal Court Jurisdiction Federal Court jurisdiction means can this case be judged by courts in the Federal Courts systems. This can be determined by asking the following questions. Is this case based on a question about the Constitution or a federal law? Are the plaintiff and defendant citizens of different states, or is one of the defendants a foreign entity or a resident of a foreign country, and the value sought is over $75,000? If the value is less than $75,000 it does not qualify. An answer of yes to either question will make it a Federal Court jurisdiction case. Michigan State Courts Michigan has 3 tiers of courts similar to the Federal system. They are the Michigan Circuit Court, the Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court. The Michigan Supreme Court is Michigans highest court and has 7 justices who are elected to terms of 8 years. It hears cases at its discretion. Each justice reviews every case submitted to determine whether the case should be heard. Less than 100 cases are heard each year. The Court hears oral arguments October-May of each year. Decisions are released throughout the term of August 1–July 31 of each year. The Michigan Court of Appeals is divided into four districts for election purposes. The Court’s 28 judges sit in panels of three and rotate among the three courtroom locations (Detroit, Lansing, and Grand Rapids). The Judges are elected to 6 year terms with the Chief Justice appointed by the Michigan Supreme Court to a 2 year term. There are 57 circuit court districts in Michigan, with one State of Michigan Circuit Court in each district. The circuit court handles all civil cases with claims of more than $25,000 and all felony criminal cases in which jail time exceeds 1 year. In each district there are also numerous limited jurisdiction courts such as Michigan District Courts which handles traffic matters, criminal cases in which the punishment is less than a year in jail, and civil cases for between $3000 and $25,000 in damages is sought. Michigan Small Claims Courts in which civil cases of $3,000 or less are heard. Michigan Probate Courts which handle wills, estates and guardianships cases and also has divisions for Michigan Family Court which handle cases such as paternity, adoption, personal protection orders, delinquency, divorce and Michigan Friend of Court which hears parenting time, custody, and child support issues. The Michigan Court of Claims hears lawsuits for more than $1,000 against the State of Michigan. In conclusion, the State of Michigan is similar to the United States Court system in that both have a 3 tiered system, but the State of Michigan seem much more divided in the trial court tier. Michigan has divided the circuit court jurisdiction into many different limited jurisdiction courts specializing in certain area of law or certain limits for damages or jail terms. If a case is a Constitutional question or where the plaintiff and defendants reside in different states, or one party is a foreign entity or the resident of a foreign country and the damages sought exceed $75,000, it may qualify to be filed in the Federal Court system. While certain cases may qualify to be heard in either state or federal court, careful consideration must be made as to which court system might be the best place for an individual case. The intentions of our Federal and State Court systems is to work as one unit made up of different courts, each performing its own role to achieve justice for everyone.

Julius Caeser Essay Essays - Ancient Rome, 1st Millennium BC

Julius Caeser Essay In the book Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, Cassius and the conspirators depicted Caesar as being ambitious. He was also said to not be ambitious by Mark Antony. He was, however, ambitious. This is because he refused the crown three times, he did not listen to the warnings that people gave him throughout the book, and he did not end the punishment he placed upon Metellus Cimber's brother, Publius Cimber. These were all acts of ambition. On the Lupercal, Mark Antony presented Caesar with a crown. Caesar then proceeded to turn down the crown three times. The reason he did this is because the crown was not the real one, but only a coronet. This is known when Casca tells Brutus and Caesar, ?I saw Mark Antony offer him a crown (yet ?twas not a crown neither; ?twas one of those coronets), and as I told you, he put it by once; but for all that, to my thinking, he would fain have had it.? The reason that this was ambitious is because it shows that he wanted more than they offered him and that he wasn't satisfied with just that. It also shows that he feels that he is too good for it. After he turned down the crown, the people watching yelled because they wanted him to take the crown. This shows he does not listen to others. Throughout the book, Caesar received many warnings about his death. All of these warnings he refused. The Soothsayer told him to ?beware the Ides of March,? Calphurnia told him about her dreams, the owl was seen in the capitol during the daytime, the slaves hand caught on fire, and the sky spit fire. All of these were warnings that Caesar did not listen to. He pushed away the Soothsayer and said, ?He is a dreamer. Let us leave him. Pass.? This shows that he will not accept advice from anyone. If he does this, then he will be a tyrant. When Calphurnia told him about her dream, he did not listen to her. Instead, he listened to flattery, which he said he disliked. These shows that he was also a hypocrite and that he would only listen to or do what sounded better for him. All of these things reveal that he has a huge ego. This is ambitious because a person with a big ego will only do things that will benefit him. Before Caesar is stabbed, Metellus Cimber and the conspirators approach him and ask him to let Publius Cimber back into the kingdom. ?I could be well moved, if I were as you. If I could pray to move, prayers would move me. But I am as constant as the Northern Star,.? He did not back down because he felt that he was right in his decision to banish Publius. He was also very stubborn and did not listen to reason. This is ambitious because he would always feel that he was right and no one else was. This is what tyrants do, and he would have also. Caesar was ambitious because he refused a crown that he felt was not good enough for him, did not listen to warnings from people, and would not back down from his decision to banish Publius. Because he did all these things, it revealed the things that he would do if he were to become king. If Caesar had become king, he would have ruled the Romans like a tyrant.